银河系的中心是否还隐藏着其他东西？

رسم توضيحي للثقب الأسود القوس A * في وسط مجرة ​​درب التبانة. الائتمان: مرصد الجوزاء الدولي / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / J. دا سيلفا / (Spaceengine) ، شكر وتقدير: M. Zamani (NSF’s NOIRLab)

قال راينهارد جينزل ، مدير معهد ماكس بلانك للفيزياء خارج كوكب الأرض والمشترك في الحصول على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء لعام 2020: “نحن ممتنون جدًا لمرصد الجوزاء ، الذي أعطتنا أداة GNIRS الخاصة به المعلومات الهامة التي نحتاجها”. “يُظهر هذا البحث التعاون العالمي في أفضل حالاته.”

يحتوي مركز المجرة التابع لمجرة درب التبانة ، الذي يقع على بعد حوالي 27000 سنة ضوئية من الشمس ، على مصدر الراديو المضغوط Sgr A * الذي حدده علماء الفلك على أنه ثقب أسود فائق الكتلة يبلغ 4.3 مليون مرة كتلة الشمس. على الرغم من عقود من الملاحظات المضنية – وتم منح جائزة نوبل لاكتشاف هوية Sgr A *^[3] – 很难确定地证明这个质量的大部分只属于超大质量黑洞，不包括大量的物质，比如更小的恒星 黑洞或星际尘埃和气体，或 暗物质.

这些带注释的图像是在 2021 年 3 月至 2021 年 7 月期间通过 ESO 的超大望远镜干涉仪 (VLTI) 上的 GRAVITY 仪器获得的，显示了在银河系中心的超大质量黑洞人马座 A* 附近运行的恒星。 其中一颗名为 S29 的恒星在距离最近的黑洞 130 亿公里处被观测到，这是太阳与地球之间距离的 90 倍。 另一颗名为 S300 的恒星是在 ESO 报告的新 VLTI 观测中首次发现的。
利用 NSF 的 NOIRLab 和 ESO 的 VLT 的双子座北双子座国际天文台的项目，天文学家比以往任何时候都更准确地测量了这些恒星 S29 和 S55（以及恒星 S2 和 S38）的位置和速度，并发现它们在移动以某种方式表明，银河系中心的质量几乎完全是由黑洞人马座 A* 造成的，几乎没有空间容纳其他任何东西。 学分：ESO/GRAVITY 合作

“随着 2020 年诺贝尔物理学奖被授予确认人马座 A* 确实是一个黑洞，我们现在想要继续前进。我们想了解银河系中心是否还隐藏着其他任何东西，以及是否一般相对论确实是正确的理论 “回答这个问题的最直接方法是密切关注经过人马座 A* 附近恒星的轨道，”参与这项工作的天文学家之一斯特凡·盖尔森解释说。

爱因斯坦的广义相对论预测，恒星围绕一个致密超大质量天体的轨道与经典牛顿物理学预测的轨道略有不同。 特别是，广义相对论预测恒星的轨道将绘制出一个优雅的玫瑰花结——这种效应被称为 主动施瓦西. 为了真正看到追踪这朵玫瑰的星星，该团队追踪了 Sgr A* 附近的四颗星星的位置和速度——分别称为 S2、S29、S38 和 S55。 该团队对这些恒星已经走了多远的观察可以推断出人马座 A* 内的质量分布。 他们发现，在 S2 轨道内延伸的任何质量最多只占超大质量黑洞质量的 0.1%。

动画序列[{” attribute=””>ESO’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) images of stars around the Milky Way’s central black hole. This animation shows the orbits of the stars S29 and S55 as they move close to Sagittarius A* (center), the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way. As we follow the stars along in their orbits, we see real images of the region obtained with the GRAVITY instrument on the VLTI in March, May, June and July 2021. In addition to S29 and S55, the images also show two fainter stars, S62 and S300. S300 was detected for the first time in new VLTI observations reported by ESO.

Measuring the minute variations in the orbits of distant stars around our galaxy’s supermassive black hole is incredibly challenging. To make further discoveries, astronomers will have to push the boundaries not only of science but also of engineering. Upcoming extremely large telescopes (ELTs) such as the Giant Magellan Telescope and the Thirty Meter Telescope (both part of the US-ELT Program) will allow astronomers to measure even fainter stars with even greater precision.

“We will improve our sensitivity even further in future, allowing us to track even fainter objects,” concluded Gillessen. “We hope to detect more than we see now, giving us a unique and unambiguous way to measure the rotation of the black hole.”

放大银河系的中心，观察欧洲南方天文台超大望远镜观测到的恒星（最后一次观测是 2019 年）。 进一步放大显示更接近黑洞的恒星，这是在 2021 年年中使用 ESO 的超大望远镜干涉仪上的 GRAVITY 仪器观察到的。

“双子座天文台继续为我们银河系的性质及其中心的超大质量黑洞提供新的见解，”美国国家科学基金会双子座项目官员马丁斯蒂尔说。 “在未来十年内，旨在广泛使用的仪器的进一步发展将保持 NOIRLab 在表征我们周围的宇宙方面的领导地位。”

有关这项研究的更多信息，请参阅 观看银河系超大质量黑洞周围的恒星赛跑.

笔记

1. 射手座 A* 发音为“射手座之星”。
2. ESO 的 VLT 由四个直径为 8.2 米的单点望远镜组成，它们可以使用称为干涉测量的技术通过镜子网络和地下隧道收集光线，形成 VLTI。 GRAVITY 使用这项技术通过高度测量夜空物体的位置[{” attribute=””>accuracy — equivalent to picking out a quarter-dollar coin on the surface of the Moon.
3. The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in part to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy.”

This research is presented in the paper “The mass distribution in the Galactic Centre from interferometric astrometry of multiple stellar orbits” which is published in Astronomy & Astrophysics. A companion paper “Deep Images of the Galactic Center with GRAVITY” has also been published in Astronomy & Astrophysics.

References:

“Mass distribution in the Galactic Center based on interferometric astrometry of multiple stellar orbits” by GRAVITY Collaboration: R. Abuter, N. Aimar, A. Amorim, J. Ball, M. Bauböck, J. P. Berger, H. Bonnet, G. Bourdarot, W. Brandner, V. Cardoso, Y. Clénet, Y. Dallilar, R. Davies, P. T. de Zeeuw, J. Dexter, A. Drescher, F. Eisenhauer, N. M. Förster Schreiber, A. Foschi, P. Garcia, F. Gao, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, S. Gillessen, M. Habibi, X. Haubois, G. Heißel,??, T. Henning, S. Hippler, M. Horrobin, L. Jochum, L. Jocou, A. Kaufer, P. Kervella, S. Lacour, V. Lapeyrère, J.-B. Le Bouquin, P. Léna, D. Lutz, T. Ott, T. Paumard, K. Perraut, G. Perrin, O. Pfuhl, S. Rabien, J. Shangguan, T. Shimizu, S. Scheithauer, J. Stadler, A.W. Stephens, O. Straub, C. Straubmeier, E. Sturm, L. J. Tacconi, K. R. W. Tristram, F. Vincent, S. von Fellenberg, F. Widmann, E. Wieprecht, E. Wiezorrek, J. Woillez, S. Yazici and A. Young, 19 January 2022, Astronomy & Astrophysics.
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142465

“Deep images of the Galactic center with GRAVITY” by GRAVITY Collaboration: R. Abuter, N. Aimar, A. Amorim, P. Arras, M. Bauböck, J. P. Berger, H. Bonnet, W. Brandner, G. Bourdarot, V. Cardoso, Y. Clénet, R. Davies, P. T. de Zeeuw, J. Dexter, Y. Dallilar, A. Drescher, F. Eisenhauer, T. Enßlin, N. M. Förster Schreiber, P. Garcia, F. Gao, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, S. Gillessen, M. Habibi, X. Haubois, G. Heißel, T. Henning, S. Hippler, M. Horrobin, A. Jiménez-Rosales, L. Jochum, L. Jocou, A. Kaufer, P. Kervella, S. Lacour, V. Lapeyrère, J.-B. Le Bouquin, P. Léna, D. Lutz, F. Mang, M. Nowak, T. Ott, T. Paumard, K. Perraut, G. Perrin, O. Pfuhl, S. Rabien, J. Shangguan, T. Shimizu, S. Scheithauer, J. Stadler, O. Straub, C. Straubmeier, E. Sturm, L. J. Tacconi, K. R. W. Tristram, F. Vincent, S. von Fellenberg, I. Waisberg, F. Widmann, E. Wieprecht, E. Wiezorrek, J. Woillez, S. Yazici, A. Young and G. Zins, 19 January 2022, Astronomy & Astrophysics.
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142459

More information

The team behind this result is composed of The GRAVITY Collaboration, R. Abuter (European Southern Observatory), A. Amorim (Universidade de Lisboa and CENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação), M. Bauböck (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and University of Illinois), J. P. Berger (University Grenoble Alpes and European Southern Observatory), H. Bonnet (European Southern Observatory), G. Bourdarot (University Grenoble Alpes and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), V. Cardoso (CENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação and CERN), Y. Clénet (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), Y. Dallilar (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), R. Davies (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), P. T. de Zeeuw (Leiden University and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), J. Dexter (University of Colorado, Boulder), A. Drescher (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), A. Eckart (University of Cologne and Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), F. Eisenhauer (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), N. M. Förster Schreiber (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), P. Garcia (Universidade do Porto and CENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação), F. Gao (Universität Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), E. Gendron (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), R. Genzel (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and University of California, Berkeley), S. Gillessen (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), M. Habibi (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), X. Haubois (European Southern Observatory), G. Heißel (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), T. Henning (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy), S. Hippler (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy), M. Horrobin (University of Cologne), L. Jochum (European Southern Observatory), L. Jocou (University Grenoble Alpes), A. Kaufer (European Southern Observatory), P. Kervella (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), S. Lacour (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), V. Lapeyrère (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), J.-B. Le Bouquin (University Grenoble Alpes), P. Léna (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), D. Lutz (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), T. Ott (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), T. Paumard (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), K. Perraut (University Grenoble Alpes), G. Perrin (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), O. Pfuhl (European Southern Observatory and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), S. Rabien (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), G. Rodríguez-Coira (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), J. Shangguan (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), T. Shimizu (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), S. Scheithauer (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy), J. Stadler (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), O. Straub (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), C. Straubmeier (University of Cologne), E. Sturm (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), L. J. Tacconi (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), K. R. W. Tristram (European Southern Observatory), F. Vincent (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris), S. von Fellenberg (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), F. Widmann (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), E. Wieprecht (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), E. Wiezorrek (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), J. Woillez (European Southern Observatory), S. Yazici (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and the University of Cologne), and A. Young (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics).